Studying the Historical Evolution of the Basic Pattern in the Architecture of the Ancient Period and Iranian Tradition   Farshad Hatami Bargh*  Behrouz Mansouri**  Sayyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amrei**  Leila Zare****   The role and importance of the influence of geometry and mathematics in Iranian architecture since pre-Islamic times has been used in the form of technical (experimental) architecture and pattern (Mendel) as a practical application in the geometric arrangement of buildings. It has been observed in many buildings with sovereign, ceremonial-residential, and residential uses, respectively, of the social classes of the elite and the common people in ancient times and after Islam; the fourth to tenth centuries A.H., and the approach of influences in functional spaces and following early patterns in the Iranian architectural style is expressed as indoor and outdoor spatial functions. Studies of the course of historical developments show that residential architecture in Iran has resulted from the use of a formal pattern as a spatial arrangement in examples of buildings from three historical periods: ancient, traditional, and modern. In this research, data collection is library-based and the research method is interpretive-historical, descriptive-analytical. The aim of the research is to explain the impact of the developments of formal patterns in the form of architectural crafts, which is influenced by applied geometry and mathematics, which is reinforced by the studies of Iranian philosophers including Khwarizmi, Banu-musa, Abu al-WafaBuzjani, Ikhwan al-Safa, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Sheikh Bahai Also, since the beginning of the third century A.H., under the influence of mathematics and geometry discussions, following numbers and estimating distances, geometry in the form of the second dimension, the third dimension, and finally the architectural craft and mystical meanings and the journey and transcendence (rational-sensible) are reflected in the combination of the order of Platonic shapes and volumes in religious places. The results of the research show that the use of the basic pattern in residential buildings is influenced by the use of mathematics and geometry in Iranian formal and modular meanings, which had its initial origin in Chahar-Soffeh, four-iwans, andChahartaq, and is observed in the buildings of the Qajar period as the basis of spatial arrangement.   Keyword:Architectural style, Traditional period, Geometry, Archetype, Formal pattern (form).     Introduction Contemporary Iranian architecture is influenced by the culture and lifestyle of European and Western countries, with a gradual change in the functionalism of interior spaces in the form of eliminating small spaces with different functions and reducing the size of the building. Therefore, examining architecture through historical studies of architectural periods of pre-Islamic and traditional buildings by selecting different examples and even paying attention to the analysis in the theories of Iranian architectural philosophers can help in providing a suitable explanation of the position of applied geometry and mathematics in the form of a formal pattern and achieving the goal of modular patterns resulting from the unity of elements under the influence of an effective unit in the design of functional and functional spaces. The stages of research in following the contemporaneity of architectural patterns of buildings from different historical periods and the interpretations of architectural theorists can be appropriate in achieving the goals. Art, architecture, and city design have long been intertwined with geometry in human culture. In Islamic culture, the expression of meanings and concepts in the form of simple and abstract shapes and motifs has always found a new expression. To the extent that the course of thought in the infinite world has led to the name of sacred geometry. On the other hand, the combination of some simple geometric shapes such as triangles, squares, and circles expresses broad symbolic concepts that are not limited to art and architecture. In particular, a wide range of shapes and meanings lies in the combination, integration, and division of these simple shapes (Tavasoli, 2004, p. 18).   Research Method Based on the research process in terms of how to examine the gradual changes in the architectural design of contemporary residential houses resulting from the ancient and traditional periods and the need to pay attention to the traditional architecture of the transitional period (Qajar) and the application of spatial organization characteristics and geometric order in different patterns in different regions of Iran and the superposition of Iranian and Islamic architectural values ​​in providing a solution and achieving an optimal pattern, it is necessary to examine library studies and the research method in housing studies is interpretative-historical and descriptive-analytical in achieving the final model of Iranian housing. The method of collecting information is library (Table 1) and the research method is interpretative-historical and descriptive-analytical (Figure 1). The statistical population is historical monuments of the ancient and Qajar periods.   Chart (1). Research Method Chart   A) Gradual developments in mathematics and geometry and their impact on architecture From the review of historical studies in the pre- and post-Islamic periods in the theoretical foundations of research in the field of applied mathematics and geometry analysis and their impact on the architecture (industry) of buildings with residential use in different periods, the course of developments from the stages of the rational to the tangible and attention to numerical quantities and spatial qualities and the relationships between numbers and shapes in geometry, the results in Table (2) have been achieved.   Table (2). Characteristics of philosophers before and after Islam who had an impact on the sciences of mathematics and geometry   Row. application Philosophy names period Books name theory 1 Geometry and theoretical mathematics Thales 527 B.C. - Mathematics, theorems (congruence of two triangles), equality of two angles in an isosceles triangle, height of triangular pyramids 2 Pythagoras 600 B.C. Philosophy Geometry, numbers, shapes and music 3 Plato 348 B.C. The Epistle of Timaeus Shapes and figurative numbers - pure and applied mathematics 4 Euclid 300 B.C. Plane geometry, principles Algebra and number theory, linear proportions, phi number, golden ratio 5 Archimedes 287 B.C. - Obtaining the number pi, statics, center of mass, Archimedes' solid (regular 13-sided) 6 Geometry and practical mathematics Al-Majusi-Khwarizmi(1) 233 A.H. Algebra and Counterfactual Arithmetic and astronomy, distances between cities 7 Banu Musa (Muhammad, Ahmad and Hassan) 300 B.C. معرفه المساحت الاشکال البسطه و الکریه، الشکل المدور المستطیل Angle trigonometry, calculating the volume and area of ​​a circle (Pi), drawing an ellipse, the Wall of Dhul-Qarnayn in Gorgan, the Dar-al-Taj Observatory in Tigris, 8 Abū al-WafāBūzhjānī 328 B.C. هندسه ایرانی/ فی معرفه الابعاد بین المساکن/ فیما یحتاج الیه الصانع من الاعمال الهندسه Regular polyhedron, Sinaat, Platonic shapes/Surface and distances of cities/Division of shapes/Drawing two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes/Spherical geometry/Baghdad Observatory 9 Brethren of Purity 400 B.C. الرساله الجامعه Numbers, Forms - The Sensible and Sensible World, Unity and Plurality, Sacred Number, Mysticism, Quality and Quantity/Morphology/Cosmology/The Pilgrim's Progress from This World/Wisdom and Craftsmanship 10 Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 597 B.C. زیج ایلخانی، تذکره فی العلم الهیئه/ اشکال الکرویه/تجرید الهندسه/الشکل القطاع Ethics, logic, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, theology, the observatory and library of Maragheh 11 Ghiyāth al-DīnJamshīdMasʿūd al-Kāshī 809 B.C. رساله مفتاح الحساب/ رساله محیطیه/ رساله وتر و جیب This school of astronomy,Samarkand/ Geometry and proportions 12 Baha al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn al-Amili(1) 953 B.C. خلاصه الحساب (بحر الحساب) Iranian geometry, Euclid's principles, proportion, equations, Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Isfahan   B) Study of examples of buildings from the ancient and traditional periods Different buildings are listed in Table (3) according to the historical periods of the ancient and traditional periods, and from drawing the plan and examining the basic and archetypal patterns, the characteristics of the formal and functional patterns in each of the buildings are listed. The purpose of conducting studies in different buildings is to explain the course of historical developments in different periods and the gradual process of evolution of the four-faced and four-porch patterns until the end of the traditional period.     Table (3). The course of developments in the formal and functional patterns of spaces according to the use of archetypes in the ancient and traditional periods     Chart (3). The gradual trend of scientific developments in the application of geometry in buildings and urban planning     Conclusion - The manifestation of justice and fairness in the architecture of Iranian houses is sought in various geometric components, including harmony, balance, unity, proportions, limits and boundaries, symmetry, equilibrium, hierarchy, and static principles. Through the coordination of quantitative and qualitative aspects of geometry in architecture before and after Islam, the relationship between order and size with the justice of God and the unity of components is addressed. Excellence in Iranian architecture is provided by the adaptation of sensory and rational perceptions in explaining the defined factors of mathematics and geometry in the course of developments from theoretical application to practice and manifestation in the architectural industry. - The application of geometry in the architecture of buildings (temples) dates back to Egypt and Turkey (Assyrian civilization), respectively, which was in the eighth century BC, and studies have shown the transfer of techniques from Egypt to Iran and then Turkey, and following that, in the fifth century BC, the construction of the Parthenon Temple began, which was in line with the research of Thales, Pythagoras, and then Platonic volumes are investigated. - The study and research in the field of applied geometry in Iranian architecture, influenced by the experiences of the ancient period, reached its peak and flourishing by Iranian scientists and philosophers in the tenth century.   Footnote 1. In the 7th century AH, Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tus was one of the prominent figures. During the Mongol era, he established an observatory in Maragheh and engaged in research in natural sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, and geometry. It was in this observatory that the Zij al-Ilkhani was compiled, and under Tusi's supervision, almost all classical Greek mathematical works were translated into Arabic. Some of Khwaja Nasir's mathematical books include: - The book Kashf al-Qana’ on the secrets of the shape of the sphere, this book was translated into French by Iskander Pasha Karateu Derry in 1891. - Al-Hisab Baltakht wa al-Tarab. This book was translated into Russian in 1963. - Al-Risalah al-Shafi’ah an al-Shak fi al-Khuti al-Mutawaziyyah. This book was translated into Russian by Rosenfeld in 1960. - The writing of Euclid’s Principles. - The writing of Archimedes’ Book of the Sphere and the Cylinder Baha' al-Din Muhammad Ameli, known as Sheikh Baha'i, was a scholar during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavi. He was born in Baalbek in 953 AH. He immigrated to Iran with his father at the age of 13. He has written in Persian and Arabic, totaling 88 books and treatises. His works include Kashkul, Divan Ghazaliyat, Jame' al-Abbasi (in jurisprudence), Khalasat al-Hesab, Shashq al-Aflaq, and two famous Mathnavis, "Nan va Halwa" and "Shir va Shakar." He passed away in Isfahan in 1030 AH. His body was transferred to Mashhad and buried in the Goharshad Mosque.   References Ardalan, N., & Bakhtiar, L. (2019) Sense of Unity (The Role of Tradition in Iranian Architecture). Tehran: New Thought Book. Akbari, F. (2016) Rethinking the Geometric Proportions of Creation in Works of Islamic Art and Architecture. 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Danaeinia, A., Azad, M., &Khamehchian, A. (2019) The Role of Geometry of Yard in the Formation of the Historical Houses of Kashan. Mathematics Interdisciplinary Research, 21-35. F.Brock, J. (2004) Pyramids to Pythagoras: Surveying from Egypt to Greece (3000 B.C. to 100 A.D.). JARCE stands for Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. Rapoport, A. (1972) Pour uneanthropologie de la maison. Paris: Beaudoux-Kovats Edith. Zolfagharzadeh, H., Jafariha, R., &Delzendeh, A. (2017) Different Ways of Organizing Space Based on the Architectural Models of Traditional Houses: A New Approach to Designing Modern Houses: (Case Study: Qazvin's Traditional Houses). Space Ontology International Journal, 17-31. https://www.ysma.gr/en/monuments/parthenon/ https://chinarmart.com/2022/03/12/the-digital-reconstruction-of-the-legendary-armenian-temple-of-haldi-in-musarir/ https://www.urartians.com.tr/alticerik/62/temples-and-religious-practices.html         * Ph.D Student in Architecture, Tehran-West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. projecthatami2020@gmail.com ** Corresponding Author: Professor of Architecture Department, Tehran-Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. emarate_khorshid@yahoo.com *** Professor of Art and Theater Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. mokhtabm@modares.ac.ir **** Assistant Professor of Architecture Department, Tehran-West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. zare.leila@gmail.com  

Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

In the process of defining the nature of architecture, three elements recur which are indispensable components of architecture: type, function, and structure. The three can be related to the three attributes produced by Vitruvius, i. e. strength, utility, and beauty. The findings of contemporary research on the discourse of typology indicate numerous contradictions between various definitions and concepts of type and typology as a general, plain image that represents a category of buildings. Some definitions draw on the formal aspects, while others acknowledge the conceptual and intuitive facets of type. To Quatremè re de Quincy, model is to be copied and imitated as it originally is, while type is something from which any artist can extract their artworks that bear no resemblance to one another. In 1960, Guilio Carlo Argan presented theoretical support for Quicychr('39')s ideas of typological and morphological memories. To him, typology is not merely a statistical process or categorization. Rather, he relies on formal and functional aspects in believing that analysis and simplification of the physical functions of a structure and its configuration take place in a typological series. As per Arganchr('39')s definition, the term type applies to various levels including the formal composition, structure, and ornamental elements. In his opinion, linking typology to the technical structure turns it into a rigid foundation for formal research. Thus, the type becomes the internal structure of a form, or an element which encompasses unlimited form variations, transformation, and correction in its structure. The internal structure of form can be displayed in a diagram of the shared structural attributes of a number of buildings extracted through a reductive process of comparison and elimination. The main questions of the research revolve around the typology of the bridge-caravanserais (bridges with residential spaces) in Iran, and the idea of maintaining the continuity of old architectural traditions to employ them to meet the new requirements of such buildings. This was meant to lay the groundwork for the regeneration of creative works which are also favored by the society. To this, the present study attempts to provide a proper typology for ten of the aforementioned bridge-caravanserais drawing upon the levels of typology put forth by Argan. It examines the void space in the bridge-caravanserais as the habitable space, their structural function in decreasing the pressure from the weight of vaults and decreasing the strength of bridges being discussed. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the data were collected through desk and field studies. The typological findings introduce 4 different types of bridge-caravanserais. Being the most prevailing type, the first one includes spatial components (rooms) at the columns of the bridge, categorized in two groups based on the number of levels (one-and two-story). In the second category, the rooms are situated over the columns, in the space between the ridges of the arch in order to reduce the pressure from the weight of vaults. The third type has the rooms flanking the bridge as the entrance, establishing an architectural and structural link to the riverbanks. The fourth type is a combination of two or three of the other types.

The development of modern formal logic has introduced new methods of distinguishing the form of propositions from their content. This has disclosed some instances of syntax - semantics confusion in traditional logic. Some modern logicians hold that the rule of conversion is based on such confusion. Since this rule is basic in traditional logic, revision of its validity implies far-reaching logical consequences. Having closely examined the case, we see that some presuppositions, interpretations and rules in traditional logic different from those of modern logic emerge as the reason why a real difference exists between these two logical systems accounting for the validity of even conversion in the former. Neglecting these differences has led to the said criticism.

Many philosophers and logicians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and logic. The author of this paper, working within a Bolzanoan-Husserlian tradition of studying both ontology and logic, considers ontology as the science of the most general features of beings and the most general relations among them. He considers logic as the science concerning the most general statements of all (natural or artificial) languages and the most general relations among them from an inferential point of view. It is possible to see logic in a broader sense as the science of all kinds of relations among all kinds of entities, acts, and processes stating some (objective, subjective, artificial, or conventional) reality. These entities, acts, and processes are not individual, rather, they are idealized, such that their universals may be instantiated at all times and in all places. In formal ontology we search for the properties of those structures of the reality that are formally similar. So we may find some formal truths applying to all things and/or properties and/or processes in different areas of objective/subjective/fictional reality.Surveying briefly the most important relations of logic and ontology in both analytic and phenomenological traditions, the author focuses on this central point: If reality is one as the unity of more or less interconnected and interactive beings of all physical, nonphysical and artificial types, the system of inference too may be one as the unity of more or less interconnected statements of all natural and artificial types. The universal system of inference may be divided into several relatively separate subsystems (having a more or less degree of connection) just as the unified reality has divided into several relatively separate fields (having a more or less degree of connection and interaction). According to such a model for corresponding realities and sciences within the unified reality and the unified science, the author assumes the possibility of beginning to construct both the comprehensive system of reference and the comprehensive formal ontology, both covering all possible members of their own field and being parallel and correspondent to each other, a long-run work, of course, very difficult to do.

Until now, Iranian companies have not prepared and present integrated reports. One of the main reasons for not presenting this report is the lack of a pattern for integrated reports. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explain the pattern for presenting financial and non-financial information of Iranian firms in the form of integrated reporting. In this research, the integrated reporting pattern was extracted based on the theories on financial reporting and on the basis of general guidelines presented in the framework of the International Integrated Reporting and a questionnaire was designed based on library studies and experts'' opinions, then the questionnaire delivered to the statistical sample. This research is applied and in terms of data collection and analysis, it is descriptive and survey. The results of non-parametric tests showed that the main components of the integrated reporting pattern are as follows: general theoretical foundations (including goals, users, qualitative characteristics of information, constraints and limitations), reporting approach (either rule-based or law-based), mandatory or voluntary disclosure of the information contained, responsibility of standards settlement, responsibility of the preparation and presentation of the report, the cost of the report, the reporting period, the elements of the report, the publication of the report, the type of companies and the responsibility of report verification. According to the results of this research, suggested that this pattern be used to implement integrated reporting for the disclosure of financial and non-financial information of companies.

Description: City as a text and urban design as the language of text creation, the constructive dimensions of the city are categorized into two levels: superstructure and deep structure. The superstructure of the city is the result of mental and internal deep constructions. Superstructure has no meaning without regard to deep structure. Purpose: The current research aims to extract the components that influence the language of the city pattern, and seeks to find out what are the deep structural components of the language of the urban design pattern? Method: The research has been done by descriptive analytical method and library studies. Findings: The superstructure patterns identified in the research are mass-space pattern, usage and function pattern, and view pattern. Also, the identified dimensions of deep structures were studied in this research and the independent variables of each dimension that affect the superstructure patterns were identified. In total, 24 independent variables were discovered from urban deep structures and 45 dependent variables were discovered from the set of superstructures. Conclusion: The most important dimension shaping the settlement is the cultural dimension, followed by the environmental dimension. Also, some superstructure patterns are affected by several deep structure dimensions. The independent variables found in this research were presented in the form of a diagram as influencing components on the language of the urban design pattern. As a strategy, it is recommended that the components found in this research be given special attention as a framework for the final design as a guide for the steps from cognitive studies to the presentation of the plan.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

Grammar has always been considered by language learners as well as by those engaged in language education as an essential component of language, and their expectations from and planning for any language education programs have been conditioned accordingly. The definitions of the term grammar and its categories in all languages go back to traditional Latin and Greek grammarians irrespective of their possibly obvious differences and have persisted even now long after the emergence of the scientific study of language which recognizes the unique system of every single language (cf. Saussure, 1916/ 1956). What is grammar and how much is it effective in ‘ learning’ an L2, if at all? This paper will examine the commonsensical understanding of the term grammar, i. e. ‘ the code-system’ as opposed to ‘ grammar’ as ‘ a theory of human experience’ : an agency construing human experience into meaning (cf. Halliday & Matthissen, 2004), i. e. ‘ grammaticality’ as opposed to ‘ textuality’ , arguing that if any recourse to grammar is advocated, as done in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) literature in the form of ‘ focus-on-form’ mediation, this ‘ form’ , rather than being defined in terms of ‘ grammaticality’ , should be ‘ textuality-oriented’ due to the reality that the knowledge accumulated by the learner about the grammaticality is of declarative nature and as such it will not convert into procedural communicative competence. Expanding upon the work done earlier on the topic (cf. Lotfipoursaedi, 2015, 2016, & 2019), the concept of textuality and how its perception by the recipients of a text enables them to handle it will be further discussed and examples of textuality-oriented L2 education pedagogic moves, as the SLA classroom mediation strategies will be examined.